Treating Genetic Diseases - 947 Words

To date, over four thousand genetic diseases due to single gene defects have been discovered (â€Å"How many genetic diseases are there?†). These disorders are unavoidable because they are determined at the moment of conception. Since there are no preventative measures for such illnesses, the most doctors can do is prescribe courses of action for treatment or possible cures. Unfortunately, treatments and or cures for every disease have not been found. For example, researchers are searching for the faulty gene in Retinitis Pigmentosa, a genetic disease of the eyes, in order to determine a proper treatment for it. Support through funding is crucial to the success of this type of research. With the recent increase in technological knowledge,†¦show more content†¦It is intriguing how such an interesting concept could be applied to several cases of genetic disorders. With the potential to fix the problematic protein by merely reshaping it, there is no need to worry abo ut any added chemicals to your body. Because Hps70 is doing nothing more than helping to snap back the faulty gene to its original form, the patient is left with all of their own healthy proteins. This process feels like a more natural way of resolving the effects of genetic diseases and would most likely appeal to the public as a viable choice. While some of these procedure options seem very complicated, there is always a more simplistic answer or resource. The developments of micro-array-based mutation and non-profit laboratories have proven to be more affordable than the â€Å"high cost of sequencing and long turn-around times [of] gene testing† (Pradhan). Many ocular genetic disorders have been tested here and some couples are undergoing prenatal and or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. This setting allows for genetic counseling, and new ways of testing inherited retinal disease have been developed. Because the number of people with genetic disorders has increased, these laboratories are a very cost-effective way for families to be diagnosed with diseases such asShow MoreRelatedThe Morality Of Genetic Enhancement884 Words   |  4 PagesPaper 2 Option A: Genetic Enhancement The morality of genetic enhancement (GE) differs from person to person. The stance Michael J. Sandel’s takes is that eugenics and GE has no morality. He states in his work, â€Å"The case against Perfection†, that manipulating ones genes makes one less human; since, humans are not perfect which is what makes one human and by designing a perfect person one is taking away their humanity. He thinks eugenics are morally problematic in the cases of abortion; in whichRead MoreGenetic Mutation Of A Single Nucleotide Base809 Words   |  4 PagesSCD is genetic mutation that is caused by a genetic point mutation where a single nucleotide base has been substituted by an incorrect base (also termed transversion). The transversion caused by the SCD will alter the codon, at the 17th nucleotide of the beta chain of hemoglobin molecule it would be incorrect; thus, when the mRNA carries the gene which codes for Hb molecule, at the 17th nucleotide the ribosome will start synthesizing a different amino acid. At the site of the Hb molecule its adenosineRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a very controversial topic that has been700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a very controversial topic that has been discussed in the last five years and is being heavily studied to help cure cancer. Gene therapy is a technique aimed at treating genetic disorders by introducing the correct form of the defective gene into the patient’s genome (Dunlop et al., 2010). There are two main groups of gene therapy and they are germ line gene therapy and somatic gene therapy (Baksh, 2007). Germ line therapy consists of germ cellsRead MoreBiology Assignment : Gene Therapy1476 Words   |  6 PagesGene Therapy Biology Assignment FINAL COPY By Hunter Alker 9S For countless generations, genetic diseases have been ruining people’s lives with these abnormal conditions being able to severely mutilate, disable or kill them. Genetic illnesses are most commonly due to mutations in the DNA sequence that occurs during replication or due to environmental factors such as radiation. [10] Though an affected patient might not have to live with their illness for their whole life as the human genome has theRead MoreGenetic Engineering Is Ethically Justified824 Words   |  4 PagesOCR AS Level Ethics Genetic engineering Example of part (b) question (b) â€Å"Genetic engineering is ethically justified.† Discuss [10] Since the development of genetic engineering in the 1970s, scholars have questioned its ethical justification, claiming that it was playing God’ and was unnatural. Others claimed that humans have always altered their environment to benefit themselves. An example is that of genetically modified crops which some people believe can be justified for a numberRead MoreLifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings1497 Words   |  6 Pagescentury ago, genetic screenings have become incorporated in many fields of healthcare, including reproductive health and cancer prevention. Genetic screening is a method of identifying genetic disorders through the study of an individual’s DNA. They can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders such as Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals about their state of health and can help them make efficient choices in regard to disease treatmentsRead MoreAnt i Sense Therapy ( Lnp ) Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations related to targeted drug delivery, it is still considered as one of the promising technology for treating most of the Rare and Inherited disorders, being categorized as precision medicine has advanced very much with recent advances in drug delivery technologies like lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations, cell-targeting technologies. Anti-sense drugs are seen as most potential drugs for treating debilitating conditions with more targeted approach. The journey of Anti-sense oligonucleotides fromRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesentirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted today will serve to better mankind tomorrow. Among many benefits of genetic engineeringRead MoreDr. Kant s Argument1060 Words   |  5 Pageschildren and embryos which would be treating them as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Kant would agree and say that these children â€Å"exist as an end in itself, not merely as a means to be used by this or that will at its discretion† (Kant, 96). Savulescu is suggesting research on children and embryos in order to reach the goal of allowing genetic enhancement. He is using them as a means to his end result. This is a major flaw as Kant would argue that treating people as an end is showing themRead MoreWhy The Cancer Experts Support Gene Testing To Diagnose Cancer1055 Words   |  5 PagesCancer Experts Support Gene Testing to Diagnose Cancer Gene testing offers extraordinary benefits for diagnosing and treating various forms of cancer. DNA tests can help guide physicians to the best treatment therapies, and more than 31,000 NHS patients have already had their entire genome sequenced, which many medical professionals suggest should become a standardized medical practice as routine as blood tests or biopsies. [1] Why DNA Holds the Keys to Effective Cancer Treatment International

Making a Case for Premarital Education Free Essays

Based on current information gathered from empirical analysis, professional/public opinion, and rational debate, Stanley (2001) constructed four arguments that support an increased need for premarital counseling. The arguments were â€Å" presented for the plausible benefits of engaging in premarital preventive efforts on a broad scale† (Stanley, 2001, p. 272). We will write a custom essay sample on Making a Case for Premarital Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author’s arguments include: 1. Using premarital strategies to slow couples down in an effort to allow them time get to know one another better before jumping into marriage. . Using premarital counseling strategies to emphasize the importance of the marital union and the long-term family and societal consequences attached to the decision to marry. 3. The use of premarital strategies will demonstrate that there are resources available to assist couples when they start to experience marital discord. 4. Couples participation in premarital education programs are less likely to have marital problems and are less likely to divorce (Stanley, 2001). Stanley (2001) presents the arguments as possible research programs that could be studied further to help develop a better understanding of what strategies can be implemented to lower and/or prevent divorce and decrease marital distress. Scott Stanley makes some compelling arguments for the need of premarital counseling and places emphasis on all of society taking an attitude of prevention in regards to developing strategies to effectively deal with the high divorce rate and high levels of marital discord that our country is currently battling. While the arguments have a sound basis are very rational, they lack validity from empirical research. Stanley (2001) acknowledges the need for more empirical research is needed to determine how to successfully prevent marital distress for society as a whole and lower the current divorce rates. Silliman and Schumm (2000) support the need for more research on this topic when they discuss how further attention to theoretical frameworks to guide premarital counseling is needed although the research and practice of premarital counseling have already been established. A high rate of divorce is one of many social problems affecting society today. Stanley (2001) states, â€Å"it is estimated that approximately 40% or more of new marriages among the younger generation will eventually end in divorce† (p. 272). There currently seems to be a push to put things in place to help prevent marital and family breakdown and the suggestion that couples should be required to undergo premarital education to help improve and prevent marital distress. Risch et al (2003) support the use of premarital counseling when they state, â€Å"marriage preparation programs have been used by practitioners and couples for decades, generally speaking programs aim to enhance the quality and stability of marriages and the content is chosen with this goal in mind† (p. 2). This preventative approach is an area that is receiving much attention worldwide as some governmental units are requiring premarital counseling as a means to reduce divorce and strengthen families† (Stahmann, 2000, p. 104). It is certainly advantageous to have preventative programs in place to assist couples who make a commitment to the union of marriage. This union affects the couple directly, their growing family, their separate families, and society as a whole. Premarital counseling strategies can be viewed as society’s commitment towards promotion and the attainment of a happy and healthy life. Anything preventative should be viewed as worthwhile means to the end. While new research is being developed, there is a lot to say for taking the necessary steps to put preventative measures in place to deal with what is currently known about the topic. Premarital counseling should be viewed as a practice to promote general health to the entire family system. The preventative measures associated with these strategies can cleanse the entire family system as they can assist in the decrease in marital discord and divorce, which have a cause and affect relationship with domestic violence, child abuse, and mental health issues related to the consequence of a broken marriage. This is a good example of how â€Å"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure† (Benjamin Franklin). How to cite Making a Case for Premarital Education, Papers

Gamble Implications Regulation Minimization -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Gamble Implications Regulation Minimization? Answer: Introduction Internet gambling is an emerging phenomenon in the dynamic field of gambling which is generating different responses from different governments, industry players, and consumers. In the last ten years, there has been a strong expansion in terms of number of gambling sites, types of games offered, and diversification of the players and ownership of different websites. Currently, the market of online gambling is rapidly growing; however, it is geographically specific. In internet gambling, the user expects to gain something in value at the end of the game. Online gambling encompasses various activities such as poker, casinos, and sports betting. In Singapore, the government has made the gambling illegal which makes it challenging for the people to gamble. There is significant growth in the online gambling industry; however, land-based gambling still creates constraints for the online gaming industry (Griffiths, Wood, Parke, 2009). Online gambling has become popular as the players can u se virtual money which reduces the burden and the risk of using real cash required for the real gambling activities. These gambling activities can be conducted in the comfort of their home; therefore, many people are resorting to the online gambling. There is also immense opportunity in this market. The market has not yet reached the maturity stage, then there is still opportunity for the growth of the organization. Growth of Internet Gambling In the last few years, the internet gambling has become one of the fastest growing sector in the international industry. The growth of internet gambling has increased with the increase in the penetration of broadband connection as well as growing number of countries which have regulated the online market penetration. However, it is in an early stage with industry being highly fragmented. It is identified that sports betting is the most popular form of betting. It is followed by casino and poker, social gaming and other forms of gambling. There are approximately 700 gaming website owners which are spread over 70 different jurisdictions in Malta, Netherlands, Costa Rica, and the United Kingdom. Online gambling is an extremely lucrative business venture for many people. Operating in online medium increases the cost-effectiveness of the online gambling sites, operating cost is comparatively lower than the land-based counterparts. A land-based casino or gambling organization requires high cost as it requires investment in human resources and land resources (Shelat Egger, 2002). In the recent years, the growth of online gambling industry has increased drastically. However, the speed of growth of the online gambling industry is not surprising as there are significant factors such as the penetration of the computers, internet, and the penetration of broadband connection. There is an opportunity for the consumers to get involved in anonymous, effortless gaming at their workplace or at their home (Woolley, 2003). There are a large number of people engaging in online gambling; however, it is difficult to quantify the exact number of people using the online gambling services. Due to the negative effects of online gambling, several governments have formed different regulations to control different types of gambling. The participants of the online gambling have also grown as the internet service providers have devised different ways which can enhance the experience of the users at the online platforms. There has also several research and development in the online application development in the field of online gambling. Recently, several online gambling software are developed which are quote sophisticated in nature (Stewart, Gray, 2011). These software have combines live remote betting and increased realism with the multi-lingual websites. It has increased the popularity of online gambling. Different features of online gambling has made it an appealing alternative to land based gambling. The globalization sand the international trade and development as also supported the growth of online gambling. The advent of crypto currency, integrated, multi-currency cash system, and high level customer services have supported the growth of online gambling system. The superior customer services has increased the safety of the online customers who enter the system. The customer service can increase the safety, legitimacy, and reputation of online gamblers. The online gambling experience has become more desirable to the customers as it offers easily accessible, frequent and interactive gaming experience with the customers. There are three characteristics of online gaming such as accessibility, affordability, and anonymity. Along with it, there has been an immense growth in the popularity of online gaming and entertainment which is increasing the popularity of the growth of the market. The online gaming market is also an attractive research and development area for the growth of software developers, casino owners, and also land-based owners. There are also industry suppliers, industry newcomers, and investors. The development of different technologies have also contributed to the growth of the organization (Bank, 2016). Globally, casino market is growing at a high rate where the regulatory environment is favorable for the companies. However, there are also several potential barriers in the growth of the industry such as economic downturn, lack of infrastructure, controlling legislations, and the regulatory position of the game. There has been an apparent trend in the last few years, according to which, the number of gambling sites will be limited and there will be relatively stable growth rate in the country. The existing operators in the field of online gambling sites are trying to expand their product offerings, and trying to enter into the foreign market. Currently, the internet gambling market is highly competitive; however, the overhead should be low to make the market highly competitive. The internet gambling market can only be profitable when the overhead expenses of the market are low which will increase the payback to the individual players and increase the amount of bonus. The companies ar e also encouraging the migration of the gamers to online gaming (Yani-de-Soriano, Javed, Yousafzai, 2012). These companies are also trying to attract customers through online selling and reducing the cost in the acquisition of the customers. With the growth and the maturity of the market the new player sign-up reduces, the impact of the growth will be reduced by opening up of new markets, increased penetration of internet, and acknowledgement of the government for a new framework to regulate the market. Regulation and Harm Minimization in Internet Gambling There have been assertion that the internet gambling is potentially more harmful than the land-owner gambling. It is easily accessible and the customers can easily access the market anonymously. Online gambling is controlled by government regulations, credit card companies which can control the use of cards with gambling and the social stigma attached to the gambling. Most of the governments are concerned that the online gambling service providers can be located anywhere across the globe. Therefore, the government will find it difficult to collect revenue from these service providers. In the countries, where gambling is illegal, the government collects huge taxes from the land-owned business. Therefore, these governments try to restrict the internet gambling sites which are located at other parts of the world (Chaston, 2015). Moreover, several credit card companies have also bear huge loss as the people who played through credit cards have been unable to pay off their debts. However, complete ban on gambling is not possible as it is highly significant in the domains wherein the government seeks continuous revenue in the times of economic boom or recession. Increasing taxes is usually unpopular in the society and may have negative consequence on the upcoming elections. The gambling is a high source of income. The government controls the access to the gambling venues by levying taxes. It also forces the gamblers to operate under the license by enforcing taxes. It can be critiqued that gambling is heavily regulated activity for all the good reasons (Hammer, 2001). There are a large number of societal and financial harms, such as addiction, betting, fraud, crime, persona debt, and bankruptcy. The presence of gambling on the internet has increased the accessibility and the occurrence of gambling. It has exacerbated the gravity of harm posed by internet banking. The offshore virtual casino cannot be regulated by the government and which create challenge for th e government to minimize these harms. The government all across the globe has prevented the virtual gaming problem by banning the acceptance of payment by a person engaged in online gambling activities. However, the online gamblers always find loopholes in the existing laws as the several operators argue that they do not promote online poker. The people can create an online finance industry which can create unique financial instruments outside the scope of the Act (Grahmann, 2009). Similar to other countries, Singapore is also an emerging market for the gambling industry; however, the government is concerned about potential ethical and criminal implications of the industry on the society and especially youth of the country. In the recent years, the social stigma attached to the game has reduced and the limits are over. The government of Singapore is also taking several steps to ban online mobile gambling which refers to placing wagers remotely from ones mobile or computer. In Asia, it has one of the largest gambling market; therefore, the government has formed several laws to combat it. Online gambling initiated in Singapore when in 2005, two casinos were introduced in Marina Bay Sands and Sentosa. In regard to the online gambling, there are no specific laws which cover online gambling; and the position is uncertain regarding some relevant legislations. The current legislative approach of the country is prohibition with a few exemptions. There are four major laws in the country which try to regulate the online gambling, the first is Private Lotteries Act 1952, which forms the control measures and taxation structure for the private lotteries, Betting Act 1960, which suppress betting in houses, public places, and book making. The Common Gaming House Act 1961 is used to prohibit common gaming house and public lotteries. Casino Control Act 2006 is aimed to regulate gaming in casinos. There is absence of drafted legislation, however, the general consensus that the gambling breaches the existing laws. Therefore, there has been a recent strong drive in which new regulations have been formed to explicitly deal with the issue of online gambling in Singapore (Tan Murphy, 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded that there has been a recent emergence of online gambling all across the globe. However, the market is limited to only a few countries due to the government regulations. There are several modes of online gambling such as poker, casinos, and sports betting. Despite the growth in the online gambling industry; land-based gambling still creates hurdles for the industry. Online gambling has become popular as the players can use virtual money and play anonymously. These gambling activities can be conducted in the comfort of their home; therefore, many people are resorting to the online gambling. Singapore is one of the largest market in Asia for online gambling. However, the government is concerned about the social and cultural impact of the gambling on the youth of the country. Moreover, it is challenging to control online gambling as it is not confined to a single location. The government of Singapore is also controlling wagers who are remotely operating ones mobile o r computer. However, a complete ban on the industry is challenging as it is a good source of income for the governments in economic boom or recession. References Bank, J. (2016). Online Gambling and Crime: Causes, Controls and Controversies. Routledge. Chaston, I. (2015). Internet Marketing and Big Data Exploitation. Springer. Gainsbury, S. (2012). Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications. Springer Science Business Media. Grahmann, K.P. (2009). Betting on Prohibition: The Federal Government's Approach to Internet Gambling. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 7(2). Griffiths, M. D., Wood, R. T., Parke, J. (2009). Social responsibility tools in online gambling: A survey of attitudes and behavior among internet gamblers.Cyberpsychology Behavior,12(4), 413-421. Hammer, R. D. (2001). Does Internet Gambling Strenghten the US Economy--Don't Bet on It.Fed. Comm. LJ,54, 103. Shelat, B., Egger, F. N. (2002, April). What makes people trust online gambling sites?. InCHI'02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 852-853). ACM. Stewart, D. O., Gray, L. L. P. (2011). Online gambling five years after UIGEA.Washington, DC: American Gaming Association. Tan, B., Murphy, S. (2014) Online Gambling Regulation in Singapore. New developments in jurisdictions: Singapore. Retrieved 20 January 2018 from https://www.imgl.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/singapore_tan_murphy_cl_spring_2014.pdf Woolley, R. (2003). Mapping Internet gambling: Emerging modes of online participation in wagering and sports betting.International Gambling Studies,3(1), 3-21. Yani-de-Soriano, M., Javed, U., Yousafzai, S. (2012). Can an industry be socially responsible if its products harm consumers? The case of online gambling.Journal of business ethics,110(4), 481-497.

Thomas Paine Essays (551 words) - Age Of Enlightenment,

Thomas Paine Thomas Paine The complex and remarkable life of Thomas Paine has greatly influenced his many writings. His style of writing also has caused him to become very popular and has helped him influence many people. Thomas Paines common sense and hard life had a strong influence in his writing of Common Sense. In his writing of the Common Sense he demanded for a revolution. He wrote very simply and boldly so that all his readers would be able to read his writing. He fought for peoples freedom as he had in his own life and because of his commitment Common Sense became the most widely and influential writings of that time. This became an inspiration to many people including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, which inspired him to write the Declaration of Independence. Paine wrote the Common Sense because he believed that the English had outgrown any need for English domination and should be given Independence. He was fighting for his country, which was England. In his writings he said We have it in o ur power to begin the world over again. This meant that America was going through a new revolution and that it should start things off right from the start and that from the beginning freedom formed the essence of American nationalism. Thomas Paines main idea behind his writing was that people should be open-minded and stand up for what they believed just like he did when he was young. His writing helped shape America. Thomas Paines uneducated and harsh lifestyle aided him in his writings of The Crisis. In his passionate writing of The Crisis he believed that a land free from British tyranny was developed. In this writing Paine wrote in a simple style and used everyday words so that the common and poor people, such as himself, could be able to read and understand his point in his writing. The writings included problems and struggles with Britain and his argument against them. He started of by saying, These are the times that try mens souls. This meant that loyal people were being run under the unfairness leadership of the British monarchy. He wanted the readers to become outraged and ignited with the same emotions that he and other patriots felt. Paine also was a believer in God and he used God many times in his writing. He hoped that this would promote the idea that a war against Britain would be a war in support of God. One of the famous quotes he said was, God almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who had earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could invent. This quote meant that God was on their side and that war was a last resort and that God should accept it because peace negotiations have failed. He wanted Americans to be free and independent and he forever changed the view of what independence meant. Thomas Paines hard and interesting life paid off because it influenced many of his incredible writings, which helped many people such as the poor. English Essays

Nikki Giovanni essays

Nikki Giovanni essays Some people descried Nikki Giovanni as been a History of Nikkis Family and Early Childhood. A woman named Emma Watson was born in 1890, then at the early age of nineteen was married to John Brown Watson. John was a shy, gentle man who was twenty years older than his wife Emma. Emma gave birth to their first daughter on January 5, 1919, thins was Nikkis mother, Yolanda Cornelia Watson. Soon after the birth of their child the Wastons had to leave Albany in a rush. Emma had argued with a white woman shopkeeper about the lengths of some cloth. Having disagreements with white people was very dangerous for people of color in those days. Because in southern towns, lynching of the colored people were still popular. After leaving Albany Georgia the Watsons settled down in Knoxville, Tennessee, by buying a house in a black neighborhood. Over the next years the Watsons had two more daughters Anna and Ages. John supported the family by teaching Latin at an all black school call Austin High. Yolanda, John and Emma oldest daughter and child was smart, pretty and artiste, and athletic. In Knoxville College in the mid-thirties she met Jones Giovanni. He was a well-manner, hansom guy with an unusual last name. Gus Giovanni, and Yolanda got married after their graduation, and soon welcomed first child to the world on September 2, 1940. They had a baby girl named GaryAnn. A couple of years later Yolanda was pregnant again. Yolanda was hoping for a boy, and told Gary she would soon have a brother. The whole family started calling the unborn child Nikki. The on June 7, 1943 Yolanda had a baby girl, named Yolanda Cornelia Giovanni Jr. As she grew people began to call her Nikki. Yolanda and Gus both had college degrees, but in that time the job choices for blacks were limited. Nikkis father worked as a bellhop in a local hotel, and stoked furnaces for a government agency. Shortly after the birth of Nikki the Giovann...

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather While most people know a meteorologist is a person who is trained in the atmospheric or weather sciences, many may not be aware that there is more to a meteorologists job than simply forecasting the weather. A meteorologist is a person who has received a specialized education to use scientific principles to explain, understand, observe, and forecast the earths atmospheric phenomena and how this affects the earth and life on the planet. Weathercasters, on the other hand, do not have specialized educational backgrounds and merely disseminate weather information and forecasts prepared by others. Although not many people do it, its rather easy to  become a meteorologist- all you need to do is earn a bachelors, masters, or even doctorate in meteorology or in atmospheric sciences. After completing a degree in the field, meteorologists can apply to work for science research centers, news stations, and a variety of other government jobs related to climatology. Jobs in the Field of Meteorology While meteorologists are well-known for issuing your forecasts, this is only one example of the jobs that they do- they also report on the weather, prepare weather warnings, study long-term weather patterns, and even teach others about meteorology as professors. Broadcast meteorologists  report the weather for television, which is a popular career choice as it is entry-level, which means you only need a Bachelors degree to do it (or sometimes, no degree at all); on the other hand, forecasters are responsible for preparing and issuing weather forecasts as well as watches and warnings, to the public. Climatologists  look at long-term weather patterns and data to help assess past climate and to predict future climate trends while research meteorologists include storm chasers and hurricane hunters and require a Masters degree or a Ph.D. Research meteorologists generally work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the  National Weather Service  (NWS), or another government agency. Some meteorologists, like  forensic  or  consulting meteorologists, are hired for their expertise in the field to help other professionals. Forensic meteorologists investigate claims for insurance companies on past weather or research past weather conditions pertaining to court cases in a court of law while consulting meteorologists are hired on by retailers, film crews, large corporations, and other non-weather companies to provide weather guidance on a variety of projects. Still, other meteorologists are more specialized.  Incident Meteorologists work with firefighters and emergency management personnel by providing  onsite weather support during wildfires and other natural disasters while  tropical  meteorologists focus on tropical storms and hurricanes. Finally, those with a passion for meteorology and education can help to create future generations of meteorologists by becoming a meteorology teacher or professor. Salaries and Compensation Meteorologist salaries vary depending on position (entry level or experienced) and the employer (federal or private) but typically range from $31,000 to over $150,000 per year; most meteorologists working in the United States can expect to make $51,000 on average. Meteorologists in the United States are most often employed by either the National Weather Service, which offers between 31 to 65 thousand dollars per year; Rockwell Collins, which offers 64 to 129 thousand dollars per year; or the U.S. Air Force (USAF), which offers salaries of 43 to 68 thousand annually. There are  many reasons to become a meteorologist, but ultimately, decided to become a scientist who studies climate and the weather should come down to your passion for the field- if you love weather data, meteorology might be the ideal career choice for you.

Create a Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map for the company (TESCO) Essay - 1

Create a Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Map for the company (TESCO) - Essay Example Strategy map has been prepared on the basis of analysis done while preparing the balance scorecard. The strategy map is drawn in order to show how strategic objectives identified through balance scorecard and KPIs will work together in helping Tesco Plc achieve its business objectives. In the final part, on the basis of analysis done in the report, suitable recommendations are given to enable Tesco to improve business performance in a comprehensive manner. For last 20 years, interest in performance measurement and management (PMM) has increased among scholars and companies at an exponential rate (Valmohammadi and Servati, 2011). In such context, Kaplan and Norton (1996) proposed the concept of Balance Scorecard (BSC) in order to formulate a performance management framework, which can measure performance of all important business activities. Haapasalo, Ingalsuo and Lenkkeri (2006) stated that companies use the balance scorecard in order to formulate strategy map, which in turn provides direction to strategic initiatives. It is evident from the theoretical argument that companies use balance scorecard and strategic map as composite unit in order to control performance outcome and shape business strategies. In similar context, balanced scorecard and strategy map can be applied to Tesco in order to understand dimensions of their business strategies. Before going further into the main discussion, the study will discuss business operations of Tesco Plc so as to develop a functional background. Tesco Plc is a renowned British multinational general merchandise and grocery retailer, which has established more than 6000 retail stores across the globe (Tesco Plc, 2014). In UK, Tesco Plc is regarded as the largest retail chain, while worth of the brand is above  £2.6 billion (Tesco Plc, 2014). The company was established in 1919 and is headquartered at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England (Tesco Plc,

Plato's Republic - Does this mean that Plato's view of human nature Essay

Plato's Republic - Does this mean that Plato's view of human nature had no influence on his conception of just and good politica - Essay Example For this reason, most theorists that try to explain the role and the characteristics of political institutions primarily refer to human nature, as influencing politics in all their aspects. Plato seems to follow a different practice. More specifically, in Republic politics and political institutions are analyzed and evaluated without a direct reference to human nature. However, if studied carefully the Republic reveals a close relationship between human nature and politics. For this reason it would be wrong to claim that Plato did not take into consideration human nature when developing his explanations for politics; rather Plato incorporated his views on human nature in his dialogues so that human nature is explained simultaneously with politics. The particular practice is analyzed below aiming to show that in Republic human nature has been the basis for the explanations for political institutions, even if the relationship between these two concepts is not always clear. 2. Human nat ure and politics for Plato Plato’s Republic has been developed in order to explain the role and the elements of politics, as appeared in the particular era. Still, the Republic is not fully related to politics; it can be also used in order to understand human nature. A thorough review of Republic would help to verify the importance of human nature for Plato. Of course, the Republic is a text dedicated to politics; however, it is the study of politics that helps readers to understand also the thinking and the social life of individuals in the particular period. The direct relationship between the politics and the human nature, as this relationship is reflected in Republic, can be understood by referring, indicatively, to certain parts of Republic. In the first volume of Republic, in book A, Socrates discusses with Kefalos, the father of Polemarhos. In the above dialogue Kefalos notes that he now, that he is quite old, enjoys the discussion more than when he was younger (328d). For this reason, he asks from Socrates to visit Piraeus more often so that he has the chance to discuss with him. Socrates replies to Kefalos that he also can learn from Kefalos important details in regard to the particular period of time, the senescence (328e). Socrates claims that Kefalos would help him to understand whether this period of time is difficult or not (328e). The specific part of Republic makes a clear reference to human nature; aging is an indispensable aspect of human life so that it can be characterized as an element of human nature. In the dialogue that follows, Kefalos offers to Socrates explanations in regard to the particular period of human life (329a-d). Further on, the interaction between this period and human life and the social and political life of individuals is clearly explained (330a-331d); the dialogue between Kefalos and Socrates ends with the explanation of the potential relationship between this period of human life and justice (331c-d). In the ne xt dialogue, Socrates discusses with Polemarhos the elements of justice. Socrates aims to explain to Polemarhos the actual role of justice within society. The explanation given by Socrates is based on certain arguments. Reference is made to the view of Simonides that ‘friends should always seek for the good of their friends and they should never seek for their bad’ (332a). Polemarhos agrees that this view is right (332a). The above view reflects human behavior, as part of human nature. The involvement of human

Motivational Factors Toward Pursuing a Career in Special Education Essay Example for Free

Motivational Factors Toward Pursuing a Career in Special Education Essay This study investigated factors which motivated individuals to initially pursue careers in special education, factors which contributed toward their plans to remain or leave the field, and their perceptions of school districts effective and ineffective recruitment and retention practices. The sample comprised of 15 individuals employed in public schools throughout north Texas who initially pursued careers in special education. Data were collected through the form of audio-recorded semi-structured telephone interviews. Empathy towards students, family, and opportunities to fill job vacancies were factors that participants cited the most for initially pursuing careers in special education. Furthermore, most of the interviewees reported satisfaction within their jobs, but noted excessive demands and lack of administrative support as contributing to job dissatisfaction. Motivational Factors toward Pursuing a Career in Special Education. Chronic shortages in the field of special education continue to pose challenges for public schools across the United States (Billingsley, Carlson, Klein, 2004; Boe, 2006; Billingsley McLeskey, 2004; Brownell, Hirsch, Seo, 2004; Singh Billingsley, 1996; Strunk Robinson, 2006; Thornton, Peltier, Medina, 2007). The limited number of individuals entering and/or remaining in the field of special education has resulted in school districts inability to fill the necessary teaching positions; such shortages have been linked to difficulties in the recruitment and retention of qualified individuals (Olivarez Arnold, 2006). Although difficulties with the recruitment of teachers, low retention, and high attrition rates are evident across all teaching professions, it is much more prevalent among special educators. Specifically, teachers of students with emotional/behavioral disorders exhibit the largest shortage, followed by those serving students with severe/profound disabilities, and learning disabilities (McLeskey, Tyler, Flippin, 2004). Our national school districts are in a crisis. Specifically, districts are scrambling to find qualified special educators to fill the vacant teaching positions. According to Plash and Piotrowski (2006), a projected 611,550 positions in special education will need to be filled by the year 2010. However, the inability to recruit the necessary number of eligible individuals to fill positions continues to be a major problem for school administrators. An infinite number of research studies have been conducted in an attempt to identify barriers which deter people from entering the field (Billingsley, 2004; Gersten, Keating, Yovanoff, Harniss, 2001; McLeskey et al., 2004; Olivarez Arnold, 2006; Thornton, Peltier, Medina, 2007). Studies have identified perceptions of low social status associated with being a special educator, poor working conditions, high rates of stress, excessive paperwork, and low salaries with the decreased number of individuals entering the field of special education (Barmby, 2006; McLeskey et al. , 2004; Rice, Goeling, Peters, 2005). A vast amount of research also exists regarding factors which have contributed to the decisions of individuals to leave the field of special education (Billingsley, Carlson, Klein, 2004; Singh Billingsley, 1996; Thornton, Peltier, Medina, 2007) and consequently contribute to the shortage of and high attrition rates of special education teachers (Barmby, 2006; Fish Stephens, in press; McLeskey, Tyler, Saunders, 2004). According to Plash and Piotrowski (2006), 13. 2% of special education teachers leave their position each year. While six percent of special educators leave the field of education altogether, 7. 2% transfer to general education positions. Prevalent variables identified as contributors to the exodus from the field include occupational stress, burnout (Botwinik, 2007; Greiner Smith, 2006), weak support by administrators, unreasonable caseloads, large class size, low salaries (Darling-Hammond, 2003), testing and accountability pressures (Tye OBrien, 2002), and ineffective in-service programs (Kaufhold, Alverez, Arnold, 2006; Plash Piotrowski, 2006). A study conducted by Brownell, Smith, McNellis, and Lenk (1994) investigated the contextual variables related to teacher attrition. Findings indicated that those teachers who decided to stay in the field of special education were more committed to teaching students with disabilities, had a higher sense of efficacy, felt more prepared by their pre-service and initial teaching experiences, and exhibited more effective coping strategies than those who decided to leave the field. Two international studies were identified which focused on the motivating factors of individuals initially pursuing careers as general educators (Barmby, 2006; Watt Richardson, 2007). Based upon a study conducted in England and Wales, Barmby identified intrinsic (e. g. , the activity of teaching children) and altruistic (e. g. , desire to help children succeed) reasons which contributed to the teachers decision to pursue careers within the field of education. Similar findings (e. g., working with children, shape future of children, and make a social contribution) were reported by Watt and Richardson who investigated the motivational factors which influenced Australian individuals to initially pursue a career in general education. In addition to investigating special educators job satisfaction and decisions to remain in the field, obtaining an understanding of individuals motivations for entering the field of special education have implications which may assist in the increased recruitment and retention of special educators. Such findings would contribute to enhanced teacher educational planning, curriculum design and policy decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain perceptions of special educators with regards to factors that contributed toward their (a) initial pursuit of special education careers, (b) job satisfaction and/or dissatisfaction levels and (c) decisions whether to remain on the special education career path. Participants were further asked to provide recommendations that school districts could take to effectively recruit and retain special educators. Design of Study Qualitative methodology was utilized in this study in the form of audio-recorded semi-structured telephone interviews to obtain the perceptions of special educators. Qualitative research is appropriate in dealing with potentially multiple realities, mutually shaping influences, and value patterns (Lincoln Guba, 1985). Interviews serve the purpose of obtaining here-and-now constructions of persons, events, activities, organizations, feelings, motivations, claims, concerns, and other entities (p. 268). According to Bogdan and Biklen (1998), semi-structured interviews encourage interviewees to expand upon ideas, which provide the researcher opportunities to generate abstract ideas through descriptive material. Participants Respondents participating in this study consisted of 15 educators employed in public school districts throughout the north Texas area. This purposive sample was comprised of 11 special education teachers, three diagnosticians and one former special education teacher currently serving as a high school principal at the time of the interviews. Four of the 11 special education teachers within this study were previously general education teachers. Data Collection and Analysis The interview questions conducted for this study focused on factors which contributed toward special educators initially pursuing careers in special education in addition to conditions that would contribute toward them remaining in or leaving the field. Interviewees were additionally asked to provide feedback pertaining to their school districts special educator recruitment and retention efforts. The following open-ended questions were asked to each of the 15 participants.

Mauna Loa: The Fiery Mountain :: essays research papers fc

Mauna Loa: The Fiery Mountain Mauna Loa is Earth’s largest volcano and most massive mountain as it takes up nearly half of the flourishing landscape of the island of Hawai’i. This island is actually made up of five volcanoes, Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea, all in such close proximity that they fused together to form one whole island. Mauna Loa is located in the south central area of Hawai’i, in the Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park and its coordinates are 19 °5' N, 155 °6' W. It is 13,680 ft above sea level, but if one measures from its true base on the ocean floor, it is estimated to be 30,080 feet tall. Its name is quite fitting as it means â€Å"Tall Mountain†. Mauna Loa is located on a hot spot in the Pacific Ocean. It is not near a plate boundary, in fact it is 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary, and is situated in the middle of the Pacific tectonic plate. This is actually a rarity, as 90% of volcanoes are along a tectonic plate boundary. A hot spot occurs where long, stationary vertical pools of magma rise up and towards the plate. Movement of the tectonic plates above the hot spot created Mauna Loa, along with the other Hawaiian volcanoes. The older Hawaiian Islands were once above this stationary hot spot, but have been carried northwest by the slowly moving Pacific plate. As the plate moves, it carries the previously formed, older, volcanoes with it, creating a trail of younger, new volcanoes behind. The islands are lined up along the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamounts chain, which is 3,750 miles and includes Kauai, Maui, Oahu and Hawai’i, from north to south, respectively. There are around 80 volcanoes in this chain; most of them underwater, consequently the term seamount refer to submarine volcanoes. Three volcanoes of Hawai’i, Mauna Loa, Kilauea and Loihi seamount, are all currently sharing the Hawaiian hot spot. Although, recent evidence has shown that all three volcanoes use have separate plumbing systems to expel the lava from the pool of magma deep below them. It has also been suggested that Loihi is slowly moving Mauna Loa from the center of the island, thus shifting directly over the hot spot. The closer to the hot spot a volcano is, the more active it will be. The Hawaiian hot spot has laid down layers of lava, building up enormous islands from the ocean floor.

Review of Janet Abbate’s Inventing the Internet Essay

The Internet’s expansion has existed within an interworking web of innovators; government and military, computer scientists, graduate students, researchers, cable and phone companies, network users, etc. The details given by Abbate affirm the book’s claim that the Internet was not born of a single originating event. It, instead, progressed over time through the junction of advances in technology and needs in society. The Internet is an ever-adapting system, which is fresh and changing at escalating rates yet has a history that crosses over several decades. Born within paranoia surrounding the Cold War and growing through many different forms, the Internet’s history is laid out chronologically in Abbate’s six chapters. In this informative and methodical chronicle, Abbate tracks the important teamwork of the Internet’s creators and societal needs in a detailed and entertaining volume of history. Despite the revolution of the Internet bringing about doorways to assorted information, it has done a bizarrely deprived job of recording its own history. As the Internets’ creators get older, it is essential to capture their first hand accounts of the history they made. In her book, Inventing the Internet, Abbate saves the early history of the Internet. The book is divided into six segments. The first segment relays White Heat and Cold War: The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching that is primarily about packet switching. The second covers the political and technical challenges involved in Building the ARPANET: Challenges and Strategies, concerning the creation and struggles of ARPANET. The third segment covers user communities and their affect on the ARPANET in â€Å"The Most Neglected Element†: Users Transform the ARPANET. The fourth considers the shift made, From ARPANET to Internet approaching defense and research. The fifth section covers The Internet in the Arena of International Standards. The final section, Popularizing the Internet, shows the beginning of the wide spread of the Internet but before Internet connectivity becomes popular at the personal level. All things considered, the book states the expansions in Internet history between 1959 and 1991, with some proceedings to 1994. The author’s study of the Internet’s genesis makes systematic links between the technological development and its organizational, social, and cultural environment. There are many available histories on the Internet, in print and online. Most are well-documented information on technology and its history. Some mention the fundamental concepts of communication, information, and knowledge. Abbate’s work, however, goes beyond ordinary facts and her findings are most revealing. The beginning of the Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research program named ARPANET. The internal structure of ARPA that reared the network development during its first years is not as well known. Inventing the Internet explains how the little agency was created in 1958 to respond to the Soviets’ successful launch of the world’s first artificial satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory. ARPA’s role was to create centers in universities through the financing of research projects in defense-related domains. When ARPA decided in 1969 to connect the supercomputers scattered among university campuses, it had no political or financial difficulty attracting the best computer scientists from all over the United States. The originality of ARPANET is this basic freedom, in contrast to market laws and official control. Inventing the Internet highlights ARPA and its brilliance, which seems to violate both the hands-off approach and the state-intervention ideology. ARPANET was born in an atmosphere of total confidence within a community whose total purpose was to connect the computer equipment from as many universities as possible, while striking the least restricting of standards. Packet-switching technology was the tool hat seemed to execute the fewest constraints so ARPANET was based on packet switching instead of the circuit-switching technology that characterized all other telecommunications networks in the world. Along the way, users and other developers took computer networking in directions that ARPA did not intend. Users rapidly made e-mail the most successful network application. Other countries tested the Internet with varying protocols and applications. The community of scientists hard-press ed the National Science Foundation into action that overshadowed ARPA’s in the 1990s. As new applications and pressures arose, the United States government moved toward privatization of the Internet in the 1990s. This development and the commercialization of personal computers helped build an advantageous atmosphere for the introduction of the hypertext system and web browsers. The World Wide Web turned out to be available even to beginners. Abbate argues successfully that the origins of the Internet â€Å"favored military values, such as survivability, flexibility, and high performance, over commercial goals, such as low cost, simplicity, or consumer appeal† (5). On one good side of things, it was these features that offered computer networks their keen adaptability and quick reaction to the unexpected demands of users. Per the cons, suggests Abbate, they could have caused defiance of commercialization in the system as ARPA did not visualize charging individuals to use the system the way the phone company charges individual telephone users. Based on detailed research in primary documents and extensive communication with many of the principals in the story, Abbate’s history delivers the most detailed and revealing account. She succeeds in showing that both its developers and its users socially constructed this evolving technology. How might one know where they’re going, if they don’t know where they have been? It’s someway comforting to learn that a technology that seems to be new and ever-evolving actually has a history crossing several decades. This history of the Internet, a technology that modern people use on a daily basis in various arrangements, is outlined so perceptively in Janet Abbate’s, Inventing the Internet.

Frankestein and his creature Evil Essay

He ate the berries and other small fruits that he found in the woods. He is good at this stage because He has seen how He was upsetting the family when He was eating their food; He realised this and started to chop wood to repay the family. He is aspiring to be like the family, He wishes to be friends with them and have friends of His own. There are a series of events, which leads up to the creature becoming resentful and violent. He first saw His reflection in a pond; His gaze laid eyes upon His ugly, repulsive reflection. He could not believe that His creator had made Him this ugly. When He saw the blind Grandfather alone one day, He decided He would approach Him because He thought the Grandfather would be more understanding as he was old and more wise. This was so but when the old man’s daughter in law and Granddaughter returned, they screamed at the sight and the son came rushing home. The son thought the creature was attacking his father and so the son attacked the creature. The creature ran away and did not respond with violence. The creature did not lash out because He thought that if He did it would ruin any chance of becoming friends with the family. Later on in the week he over heard a conversation between the son and their landlord, the son said, â€Å"My wife and sister will never recover from their horror. † After the conversation the creature gave up all hope of befriending the once, happy, joyous and caring family. The family left the cottage out of fright; meanwhile the creature was angry and very upset. He went back to the empty cottage and set the wooden building alight. He watched the cottage burn and He enjoyed it. Later on in the creature’s life He found Victor’s diary which contained notes on how His creator abandoned Him. In the front of Victor’s diary it had His home address of Geneva written in it. The creature was determined that Victor would feel His wrath. He set of to Geneva to get revenge. On His arrival in Geneva, he saw a small boy walking on the same lane that He was on. The creature hid in the bushes and wandered whether he should He reveal Him self to the child. He thought that if the child being young would understand His condition. He decided to reveal Him self. He took hold of the small boy’s arm, He wanted to protect and look after Him. The child screamed, the creature told the boy His intentions, that He wanted to be friends. The boy kept on screaming, He cried out, â€Å"Monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces, you’re an ogre, let me go or I will tell my Papa. My father is Mme Frankenstein. † â€Å"You belong to my sworn enemy, Victor Frankenstein. After all the upset He has caused me, I will give Him something to be upset about. † With that the creature picked up the small boy William and throttled Him. The creature gained enormous pleasure over killing William, He had the taste for killing and He wanted revenge. The creature met with Frankenstein in the remote mountainous regions of Geneva, no one around to disturb them. The monster did not attack Victor, he wished to talk; the creature wanted Victor to create another being, a female one this time. Victor was served with an ultimatum, if he would recreate another being they would retire to South America or Victor would feel his wrath, fired by hatred, self-pity and desire for a mate. The creature does have a right to a mate, He will go away and not disturb any one ever again or He will destroy Victor if He does not. Victor has reason not to create a mate, She could be even worse, she has not promised to be good, the creature could hate it, they could come back or they might desolate the world. When Frankenstein was on His death bed, He said, â€Å"Examining my past conduct, nor do I find it blameable. † He feels it is not His fault about what has happened and He feels He had done nothing wrong. He knows He had responsibilities but He ignored them thinking the duties towards the beings of my own species were more important. Victor said He was right about not building a new creature. He says the first one went wrong and killed his friends and family, so He will not create a partner for the creature that killed them. He said it was evil and He had to kill it. The creature is very upset, He admits to killing Victor by leading Him to the icy lands. He asked for forgiveness but He knows it will not change anything. It said He had put up with more anguish than Victor ever had, He had to do it even though he didn’t want to do it. When Victor was about to be cremated on the ice fields, the ice cracked up, the monster swam across and lit the pyre, and He stayed there next to Victor while He burned. I think that Victor Frankenstein was not evil, He was very confused and completely adsorbed in what he was doing, he was sure he was right, wanting to get rid of death, apart from a violent on. The creature was good in that he helped the family in the winter when food was scarce. However he did turn to evil was towards the end of the book after he failed with living with him self, destine to walk alone for the rest of his life. Another aspect for being evil was that he killed his creator; the man he gave him his pitiful life, and his family.

Electricity and Magnetism essays

Electricity and Magnetism essays The unquenchable thrust of knowledge of human beings is the gift of divine nature, which has always forced the humanity to unveil the working of nature. It is nature, which manifests itself in so many ways, and yet it is at it core, as we believe, remarkably simple and unified. It is the nature and the task of humanity to unveil the unification of all the processes into one theory, the much-awaited GUT (Grand Unification Theory). When we are going to discover this theory it is not yet clear but we are certainly going to discover this thing. Thats our destiny and we would reach there. The whole philosophical picture, which I have presented before you, seems quite irrelevant to the subject matter. But as we are going o thrust ourselves into the basics of modern electronic revolution, the electricity and magnetism, we would be facing one of the most remarkable manifestations of unification. We would find that there are so many varied phenomenons involving electrical forces which ca be explained by simple model involving four equations known as Maxwells equations. The varied phenomenons include the electric potential created by the accu mulation of charges on the plates of capacitor, the phenomenon of electricity, em-wave propagation in free space, the electrical stability found in nature to number but only few. We would also discuss the exciting consequences of theories developed along the ay. Here, as an aside, I would wish you to note the use of word model to name the picture or theory that tells us about the phenomenon of the nature. This is because we still dont know how exactly nature works. The models that we have discovered only tell us what nature does. Given some initial conditions and other information of any system these models tell us the future state of the system. We, at least in this article, are mainly going to discuss the quantitative effects. We would not discuss what actually charge is...

Ocean Acidification Definition

Ocean Acidification Definition The oceans have reduced the effects of global warming for thousands of years by absorbing carbon dioxide. Now the basic chemistry of the oceans is changing because of our activities, with devastating consequences for marine life. What Causes Ocean Acidification? Its no secret that global warming is a major issue. A main cause of global warming is our release of carbon dioxide, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and the burning of vegetation. Over time, the oceans have helped this problem by absorbing excess carbon dioxide. According to NOAA, the oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil fuel emissions weve generated over the past 200 years. As the carbon dioxide is absorbed, it reacts with the ocean water to form carbonic acid. This process is called ocean acidification. Over time, this acid causes the pH of the oceans to decrease, making ocean water more acidic. This can have drastic consequences on corals and other marine life, with cascading impacts on the fishing and tourism industries. More About pH and Ocean Acidification The term pH is a measure of acidity. If youve ever had an aquarium, you know that pH is important, and pH needs to be adjusted to optimal levels for your fish to thrive. The ocean has an optimal pH, too. As the ocean becomes more acidic, it becomes more difficult for corals and organisms to build skeletons and shells using calcium carbonate. In addition, the process of acidosis, or buildup of carbonic acid in body fluids, may affect fish and other marine life by compromising their ability to reproduce, breathe and fight diseases. How Bad is the Ocean Acidification Problem? On a pH scale, 7 is neutral, with 0 the most acidic and 14 the most basic. The historical pH of sea water is about 8.16, leaning on the basic side of the scale.The pH of our oceans has fallen to 8.05 since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. While this may not seem like a big deal, this is a change greater in magnitude than any time in the 650,000 years before the Industrial Revolution. The pH scale is also logarithmic, so that slight change in pH results in a 30 percent increase in acidity. Another problem is that once the oceans get their fill of carbon dioxide, scientists think the oceans could become a carbon dioxide source, rather than a sink. This means the ocean will contribute to the global warming problem by adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life The effects of ocean acidification can be dramatic and far-reaching, and will affect animals such as fish, shellfish, corals, and plankton. Animals such as clams, oysters, scallops, urchins and corals that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells will have a difficult time building them, and protecting themselves as the shells will be weaker. In addition to having weaker shells, mussels will also have a reduced ability to grip  as the increased acid weakens their byssal threads. Fish will also need to adapt to the changing pH and work harder to remove acid out of its blood, which can impact other behaviors, such as reproduction, growth and food digestion. On the other hand, some animals such as lobsters and crabs may adapt well as their shells become stronger in more acidic water. Many of the possible effects of ocean acidification are unknown or still being studied. What Can We Do About Ocean Acidification? Lowering our emissions will help the ocean acidification problem, even if that just slows the impacts long enough to give species time to adapt. Read the Top 10 Things You Can Do to Reduce Global Warming for ideas on how you can help. Scientists have acted swiftly on this issue. The response has included the Monaco Declaration,  in which 155 scientists from 26 countries declared in January 2009 that: Ocean acidification is accelerating and severe damages are imminent;Ocean acidification will have broad socioeconomic impacts, affecting marine food webs, causing substantial changes in commercial fish stocks and threatening food security for millions of people;Ocean acidification is rapid, but recovery is slow;Ocean acidification can be controlled only by limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The scientists called for intense efforts to research the problem, evaluate its impacts and cut emissions drastically to help curb the problem. Sources: Fabry, V.J., Seibel, B.A., Feely, R.A. and J.C. Orr. 2008. . Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journalof Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L, and V.J. Fabry. 2006. Carbon Dioxide and Our Ocean Legacy. (Online) NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Science Brief. Accessed March 7, 2009.McAuliffe, K. 2008. Ocean Acidification: A Global Case of Osteoporosis. (Online) Discover. Accessed March 7, 2009.Monaco Declaration. 2008. Monaco Declaration on Oceans. Accessed July 21, 2015.Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Acidification.  Accessed July 21, 2015.

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry Research Paper

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Research Paper Example According to Lerer and Piper (2003, 201) ‘digital technologies have offered new opportunities to pharmaceutical firms’; it is further explained that using these technologies pharmaceutical firms have been able to cooperate more effectively with patients and physicians. Moreover, Bakeev (2010) notes that the continuous improvement of knowledge management in the pharmaceutical industry would allow the industry’s firms to become more effective in supporting patients and healthcare professionals. Online tools have a series of advantages, including the increased potentials of firms involved in managing knowledge. At the same time, the costs of representatives in the pharmaceutical industry are quite high; a research developed in 2007 showed that ‘in 2006 the pharmaceutical firms spent approximately $150,000 for each representative in primary care and $330,000 for each representative in specialty drug’ (Bak and Stair 2011, p.137). The use of online tools wo uld help pharmaceutical firms to resolve a series of operational problems and to decrease the costs of representatives, a practice followed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as explained below. 1.2 Diagnosis of change The implementation of change in pharmaceutical firms is unavoidable, in the context described earlier. ... scribed as follows: a) to check the level at which online tools are used in the pharmaceutical industry, b) to identify the benefits and weaknesses of these tools, as reported by the industry’s firms, c) to check the effects of online tools on the operations of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., d) to identify the strategies used by the above organization for implementing change, as related to these tools, and to evaluate these strategies’ requirements, implications and risks, and e) to identify the potential long-term benefits and consequences of online tools in the pharmaceutical industry. 1.3 Implementation of change Under the pressures of the rapid development of technology globally, especially in regard to the involvement of the WWW in organizational activities, the pharmaceutical industry had to face the following dilemma: should its operations be transformed meeting the global trends in regard to the use of online tools in prescribing and informing customers on the d rugs’ use and implications? This issue is made clear in the case of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In 2010 the firm launched Prescribe Responsibly, ‘an online system for supporting appropriate treatment of pain’ (Johnson & Johnson 2011). In August of 2011, the firm updated the specific system adding new tools and features so that the support provided to health care professionals to be increased (Johnson & Johnson 2011). This initiative has resulted because of the failures and the delays that the company had to face in regard to the support provided to the physicians for handling pain. 2. Literature review The efforts of continuous improvement of operations are often related to the appearance of Taylorism, a trend that changed the manufacturing processes in the automotive industry in the USA.

A written analysis of the ethical dilemma Essay - 1

A written analysis of the ethical dilemma - Essay Example The physicians are often perplexed to reach a particular point of conclusion that would provide best moral support to their patients. On one hand, their professional philosophy, in particular, suggests them to perform certain acts that are aimed at serving best interests of patients and on the other, the broad humanist outlook prevents them from performing those acts. Thus, remaining within the limits of a professional boundary, as sensitive as healthcare services, it really becomes tough for professionals to assimilate both these sides and churn out a constructive decision that would fulfill best interest of patients. There is no denial of the fact that since very childhood, every individual adheres to some extent or the other to the â€Å"institution of morality† (Beauchamp, and Childress, 2001, p. 3). This institution of morality provides certain basic principles to all human beings. According to general understanding, â€Å"All persons who are serious about living a moral life already grasp the core dimensions of morality. They know not to lie, not to steal property, to keep promises, to respect the rights of others, not to kill or cause harm to innocent persons †¦. All persons serious about morality are comfortable with these rules and do not doubt their relevance and importance† (Beauchamp, and Childress, 2001, p. 3). However, problem or confusion arises when it comes to assimilating both these aspects and the situation practically reflects one of the very common ethical dilemmas that a physician encounters. Morality, though the term encompasses within its broad scope a number of issues, however, it can be classified into two segments, depending over its application separately in universal and specific situations. The aspects of ethical conflict, which confuse most of the people both in professional and personal dimensions of life, actually arise due to the conflict between common and specific morality. There are certain

Worst place to work(check attachment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worst place to work(check attachment) - Essay Example partment of Asian pearl Seaford restaurant to ensure that each and every worker provides solution to the customers since; it is not just how the restaurant serve the customers, but how a service is delivered to each and every customer (Murphy, 24-32). Asian Pearl Seaford Restaurant should know that when there is an increase to customer satisfaction, which comes as a result of creating an environment where teamwork is a top priority, this translates to exceed sales goals within a complete business cycle. Moreover, the leadership in the restaurant and its management especially the manager should understand that a right leader is a key to a great team and hence; he should be willing to help the employees where necessary through an essence of shoulder to shoulder as a form of morale. Some employees are new and lack experience to tackle customer’s complaints and therefore it is upon the manager to show them the best approach they can use as one way of keeping the customers as well as protecting the dignity of the restaurant at large. Creativity is one term and aspect that plays a role as far as coordination and effective communication is concerned. Effective communication is the backbone of all solution in the industry of service and when you overlook the essence many common problems starts arising. Deploying creativity helps to curb many obvious mistakes and this may be through Creating proper two-way contact policies which help you as a manager avoid staffing, scheduling, reservations, and order as well as catalog problems. Regular staff meetings should be availed to keep everyone on the same folio and review any existing operations in determination of each area where at least two people must work together by a virtue of aid. Once youve identified areas where problems could arise, you can be proactive in finding solutions which in turn translates into customer’s satisfactions and profit maximization in business too. Summarily, dynamics and teamwork must be

Medicinal Uses of Marijuana

Medicinal Uses of Marijuana Marijuana is a second name of cannabis which is prepared from the cannabis plant for the use in the treatment as a medicine and a psychoactive drug. It is a powder of green, brown or gray color which is a mixture of leaves from the plant. Some people use this powder in their food and eat it. Marijuana is mostly consumed for the psychological and physiological effects it causes which consists the following behaviors: elevated mood or euphoria, reduction and an increase in hunger. History of Marijuana Modern uses of marijuana are for recreation and the treatment of diseases and by looking into the history it is been used since the 3rd millennium BC. The rates of users of marijuana were stable till 1990’s but they have risen meaningfully over the same period and according to governmental studies more than 30% of the teenagers are smoking marijuana. From the beginning of 20th century, marijuana was restricted to be preserved or sold for any purpose. The United States told that marijuana is the most illegal medicine, which is used in the world and about 4% of the adult world population is consuming this extremely illegal medicine and around 0.6% of the whole population consume marijuana daily which has many side effects which are discussed later on. Types of Marijuana There are various types of marijuana which are classified into two categories, that are, Indica and Sativa. Marijuana producers often cross breed to change the growing properties of the original. Of the two, Indica is much shorter, smaller, thicker and smelly buds of plants and these produce flowers much rapidly than the Sativas, for example, with flowering bed of 6-9 weeks. Whereas Sativas grows more rational, energetic and taller with greater buds which are not much thick and smelly and takes longer time to produce flower in comparison to Indica, that is, 9-10 weeks. Effects of Marijuana If marijuana’s use is for treatment, it may also cause some side effects concerning memory, learning or behavior of a person. Some people take powder of marijuana and start smoking it which may cause the same coughing and breathing issues which occur during smoking cigarettes. As marijuana is addictive, so many people get used to it so much that they can’t leave it for a day even, this may be because they have started it in their early teen ages. The undesired effects of the drug consist of the reddening of eyes, short term memory, dry mouth and impaired motor skills. Apart from the perception and mood change, there are some common effects which are caused by the drug which are as follows: Increased heart rate and increased appetite and food consumption, Lowered blood pressure and impairment of short term/working memory, Psychomotor coordination and concentration. Another literature review in back year (2013) showed that extensive use of marijuana has various consequences which include medically-based somatic, emotional, communicative and community health and is also addressed of causing diseases of the liver co-existing hepatitis C, lungs, vasculature and heart. It is also used to lessen the effect of sickness and queasiness in chemotherapy and people who have AIDS (Acquired immune Deficiency syndrome), and it is also used to treat pain and muscular spasticity. In another study, it is noted that the increased use of this drug may cause schizophrenia, accidental pediatric ingestions, and lack of wrapping for therapeutic marijuana preparations. The therapeutic concept of marijuana is disputed as the plant fails to fulfill the standard supplies of the approved drugs. Marijuana’s Intoxication The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United states tells that the herb marijuana consists of numerous extremely harmful health effects, and the production, content and source are free. There are only two products whose prescription is approved by the FDA, not for the smoking purpose, and they have pure THC in a controlled amount as an active substance. Smoking this harmful drug can cause fast and foreseeable signs and indications whereas eating this drug may cause slower and lesser foreseeable symptoms. Marijuana causes undesirable symptoms with an increased dose of it like terror, grave psychosis or paranoia which are common in the fresh people who started using it for the first time in their lives compared to those who already have in-taken this drug. The amount which can cause any effect on a person is variable from person to person and the amount of the drug used. Marijuana is accompanied with hallucinogens and many other dangerous side effects which include sudden high blood pressure with headache, chest pain and heart tempo instabilities, extreme hyperactivity and bodily ferocity, heart attack, annexations, stroke, sudden breakdown, that is, cardiac arrest. Treatment and Care Treatment through marijuana can be for the prevention of injury, assuring that the people having ferocious behaviors due to drug. Medicines named as benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium) or Iorazepam (Ativan) can be used for treatment. People or children with harmful and more serious side effects are kept under observation of the heart and brain for their treatment in the hospital. Less complicated intoxication of the drug rarely need medical assistance but serious symptoms needs the treatment by some other drugs mixed in marijuana. When to contact a medical representative If the user of this drug is facing the undesired effects of the drugs like one is having trouble in breathing or he or she cannot be awakened they should immediately contact the doctor. And if something more worse than this happen, for example, the person is not breathing or has no heart pulse then the CPR should be started and an ambulance should be called and the CPR should be continued until the help is arrived. Neurological Effects Of Marijuana In 2013 review, various organizational and purposeful imaging showed that morphologically brain alterations are seen in the users which have used the drug from a long time. Another review in 2010, it was found that that resting blood flow was lesses in the prefrontal areas of the brain in the people who uses marijuana whereas the non-users didn’t showed any such symptoms. It was also noted that the supply of this drug to any person causes the blood flow to increase and also facilitates the beginning of the anterior cingulate cortex when the users of this drug were provided with the assignments which required the using of cognitive ability. The reviews showed that the studies were not fully examined and they had methodological limitations, for example, they had less amount of sample and they were not able to differentiate between the marijuana users and the alcohol consuming people. Physiological Effects Of Marijuana According to the drug abuse institute, the effects of the drug on mood vary may also includes calmness, anxiety and paranoia. Getting stoned is the purpose that most of the drug smokers use this drug. More short term emotional effects are: distorted sense of time, paranoia, mystic or casual thinking with short term recall loss, anxiety or hopelessness affecting the lives of the users. Although these symptoms are eased down after a few hours of intake of drug but the remaining effects may last for several days. Risks of Marijuana’s Use The risk of using this drug increases with the amount of the drug in-taken. Many doctors say that heavy smokers of the drug are at an increased risk of lung cancer. Heavy doses of the drug lessens the men’s testosterone levels and sperm production and their quality and it also affects the libido and fertility in heavy smokers in men. On the contrary, many of the users say that marijuana is addictive psychologically. Among various individuals can face the withdrawal symptoms if they can’t get high when they are willing to do so. The dependency rate is higher in heavy smokers. Experts also believe that the drug is addictive physically but it’s withdrawal symptoms includes a list of which some are mentioned: Aggression, they become aggressive so much that they can be harmful to other people nearby, Anxiety, people faces anxiety, Depressed mood, they do not feel like doing any work or they do not want to talk to anybody, Decreased appetite, they do not feel like eating anything, and much more. And once one has had the taste of marijuana he goes on to another drug to taste it, therefore marijuana should be used under highly strict environment and only for the purpose of treatment.

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Essay -- James Joyc

Stephen in A Portrait of the Artist by James Joyce Stephen Dedalus, the main character in most of James Joyce's writings, is said to be a reflection of Joyce himself. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the reader follows Stephen as he develops from a young child into a young artist, overcoming many conflicts both internally and externally, and narrowly escaping a life long commitment to the clergy. Through Joyce's use of free indirect style, all of Stephen's speech, actions, and thoughts are filtered through the narrator of the story. However, since Joyce so strongly identifies with Stephen, his character's style and personality greatly influence the narrator. This use of free indirect style and stylistic contagion makes Joyce's use of descriptive language one of his most valuable tools in accurately depicting Stephen Dedalus's developing ideals of feminine beauty. As a very young child Stephen is taught to idealize the Virgin Mary for her purity and holiness. She is described to Stephen as "a tower of Ivory" and a "House of Gold" (p.35). Stephen takes this literally and becomes confused as to how these beautiful elements of ivory and gold could make up a human being. This confusion is important in that it shows Stephen's inability to grasp abstraction. He is a young child who does not yet understand how someone can say one thing and mean something else. This also explains his trouble in the future with solving the riddles and puzzles presented to him by his classmates at Clongowes. Stephen is very thoughtful and observant and looks for his own way to explain or rationalize the things that he does not understand. In this manner he can find those traits that he associates with the Blessed Mary in his pro... ...human desires and realizes how beautiful love, passion, and devotion can be from an artist's perspective. Stephan Dedalus's transformation into a "priest of the arts" is parallel to the early life of James Joyce. Both struggle to deal with the conflicts of childhood and adolescence to find a balance in which they can happily live. Since A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is written in third person, yet employs the characteristics of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, the use of descriptive language is essential to the reader's understanding of the novel as a whole. James Joyce excellently uses his talent to successfully communicate Stephen's feelings so that we, the reader, can understand the development of his attitudes and ideals about feminine beauty. Works Cited Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Penguin Group, 1977.

Juvenile Justice Process and Corrections Essay

The following research will discuss the juvenile process system. Starting with the intake process it will discuss each step of the process and the options the defendant will be given. There are concerns and certain weaknesses the process has where it may give opportunity of unlawful and informal negotiation may be occurring. It will also further discuss the considered factors that will determine the juvenile’s sentence. A recent example of the juvenile process is the case of the victim Michael Brewer, which was set on fire by five other teenagers in 2009 over a 40 dollar video game debt. Three out of the five accused were waived to adult court awaiting a criminal trial. Matthew Bent who initiated the burning of Michael Brewer requested a new trial on the grounds of jury misconduct. On October 2012 Deerfield Beach judge denied the request for insufficient evidence. In this particular case the accused crime were considered severe and were waived to adult court where they are les s concerned in rehabilitation and more concerned in sentencing a proper punishment for their crimes. The victim was ignited using rubbing alcohol and has suffered severe psychological impact from the even. According to Sun-Sentinel (2012) â€Å"He remembered the cool feeling of rubbing alcohol splashing on him. He remembered the burning sensation, the impulse to run and jump into the pool. He remembered wanting to stay in the water and seeing the first results of the horrific attack he’d just endured.† Matthew Bent is suspected to attacking Michael Brewer for several reasons such as, forcing the victim to purchase an item, snitching, and attempting to steal Michael Brewers fathers bicycle. Denver Jarvis an accomplice to the crime pored rubbing alcohol on Michael Brewer. On October 13, 2009 all the suspects were taken in to custody. On November 10, 2009 the major role players of the crime are charged as adults with second degree murder. Bent attorney tried to have the case waivered back to the juvenile system however it was declined. Intake officers screen juvenile cases to determine which should be prosecuted or sent to diversion programs. Intake is a screening that will determine if juvenile should be released, given a future court hearing, diversion programs, prosecution, or waiver to adult criminal court. Intake officers gather and create a social record of the accused and discuss options with the juvenile’s parents or guardian (Champion, 2010). The intake process is informal; while an attorney can be present it is not really necessary since the purpose of the procedure is to determine other attention the child may need other than the juvenile court system. Cases where the juvenile is released to their parents or cases dropped must be approved by the juvenile prosecutor. The release to a juvenile to parents or guardian may encompass terms and conditions that they should follow. This is a formal binding contract in which cases the contract is broken by either the juvenile or the parents the court has the right to continue with other punitive actions. Legal factors must be taken in to consideration prior to make these decisions. It is important to understand that each jurisdiction differ in their intake process. A growing concern during the intake process is that more defense attorneys have been attending this process and conversations that are similar to plea bargains are occurring with the intake officer. The outcome of the sentencing is determined by several different factors such as, seriousness, type of crime, age, and criminal record, evidence for and against the defendant. Many believe there are too many juvenile incarcerations occurring the public mandates to rehabilitate the juveniles, however little enfaces and importance is given to the type of funding the program needs. In conclusion, the juvenile justice system has a very similar process system except for the primary objective. The primary objective is to rehabilitate, whereas criminal courts do not focus on rehabilitating. Diversion programs and waivers are great options to find the ideal punishment for particular crimes. Juveniles have more options as to how to serve their sentence unless they are waivered in to criminal court. References Champion, D. J. (2010). The juvenile justice system: Delinquency, processing, and the law. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. The Burning of Michael Brewer. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/michaelbrewer/

25 Min

Evan Michel Mr. Rotolo Advanced Composition 31 August 2010 One of the most challenging parts about facing difficult times and hard ship is learning how to look past the adverse times to see the brighter side of your troubles and the lighter side of your struggles. President Gerald R. Ford made a speech to Washington’s Gridiron Club and stated just that. Americans are at their very best when they look at the brighter side of their troubles and the lighter side of their struggles,† the quote from President Ford’s speech is a perfect reminder that no matter what hardships you are going through it can always be made better by looking at it from a different perspective. By embracing the brighter side of the problem Americans are able to address the problem that is at stake and happening right now instead of being held back by past problems and hesitation.Americans go through times where it is extremely hard to put food on the table and many citizens can’t take t hat kind of stress. This is when President Ford’s advice can come into play. If only the Americans that are going through these hardships would look differently at them instead of struggling and trying to fight them their life would be made much easier because they could solve the problems and move on with their lives. Over the history of our country there has been many instances where these hard times are present not only to some but to all and many people just break down and give up.For example The Great Depression was a time when the stock market crashed and America as a whole was going through an adverse time. During this time there were a small handful of people who looked at the problem from a different point of view, as recommended by President Ford and helped pull our country out of that whole and back to its former self. If no one would have taken action during that time and everyone would have waited for someone else to do it for them then America would probably sti ll be in a depression.No matter what type of problems we face and how difficult they are they can all be overcome. This can be done by looking at the brighter side of life and remembering and other past hardships that were overcome and how you overcame them and putting that knowledge to use. Whether the problem is big or small Americans can overcome it together by trying. Overall President Gerald R. Ford’s speech to Washington’s Gridiron Club is all the advice needed to get through any hard time in life.

Pros And Cons of Government Regulation essays

Pros And Cons of Government Regulation essays Pros and Cons of Governmental Regulation How would you like to walk into a store where the conditions are unsanitary, food labels are out of date, and the electrical wires keep tripping you with every step you take? It would be a nightmare. Thanks to government regulation and control we are able to walk into a store where none of these things would dare happen. Lower prices for consumers, reduction of pollution, improved areas for the handicapped, and workplace safety are just a few of the benefits to governmental regulation. In my opinion having the government step in and regulate businesses when they get a little to out of control is definitely a plus. There are a few cons however, typically for the business itself. Thanks to agencies such as the FDA (food and drug administration), OSHA (Occupational Safety Another benefit of these regulations is lower prices for consumers. By having the government step in and break up monopolies, companies are able to maintain competition. If the government sees that a particular company is getting to powerful and dominating its competitors they will step in and break them up, just like they did with Microsoft. This helps us, the consumer, because we get good quality products, at low prices. Probably the biggest con in regulating business is competition. If a government is regulating a business, competition automatically goes down. An example of this would be the post office. There are no other postal services that deliver our mail. The United Postal service is the only one, and therefore is an example of a governmentally regulated se...

Farmland Industries Inc. Essays - Midwestern United States

Farmland Industries Inc. Essays - Midwestern United States Farmland Industries Inc. Introduction Today, when we hear the slogans "better farming, better food," or "proud to be farmer owned" one company comes to mind, Farmland Industries. We may think of this of this fortune 500 company as a leading agricultural powerhouse, which it is, however, it was not always that way. Background Farmland Industries Inc. was founded by Howard A. Cowden, who was born and raised in Southwestern Missouri. Cowden started young in the cooperative business by working for the Missouri Farmers Association (MFA). However; in October of 1927, he had resigned from the position of secretary for the MFA and started out on his own. Immediately following, Cowden received the MFA oil contract that previously had been held with Standard Oil Company, and Cowden was now in the wholesale oil business. On January 27, 1928, Cowden Oil Company was founded. This business was moved to Kansas City, Missouri in late 1928. In January of 1929, Cowden Oil Company was dissolved and Union Oil Company (Cooperative) was formed. It was clear that Cowden had planned to do more than just buy and sell oil to local cooperatives. A board of directors was created to run the company, yet Cowden retained full control over the company that he had created. Cowden started recruiting smaller companies to join their cooperative by signing contracts to sell certain amounts of Unions products. In 1929, Union Oil Company had purchased its first land. "The Two Car Garage," as it is referred to, was the building that they had purchase to become their new home. In 1935, Union Oil Company changed its name to Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA). CO-OP was decided to be its official logo. In October of 1956, CCA moved to their new home on North Oak Trafficway, in Kansas City, and the company was ready for major business. In June of 1961, Howard A. Cowden retired as President of CCA and Homer Young stepped in to fill his shoes. In early to mid 1966, CCA changed its name again. This time to Farmland Industries, Inc., however; they still kept that CO-OP symbol for a trademark. CCA now emphasized much of its business to fertilizer, petroleum and commercial feed. This business only grew and grew for them. "By 1967, Farmland Industries had manufacturing facilities for various kinds of fertilizer at Lawrence, Kansas; Hastings, Nebraska; Green Bay, Florida; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Joplin, Missouri, and a plant under construction in Dodge City" (Fite 281). From here, Farmland Industries only increased its size, sales, and dividends, not to mention popularity. Some of the major lines include: Food Marketing, Feed, Crop Production, Grain, Beef, and Pork. Of course, there are many, many other lines that the company has produced throughout the years. Some of these things include: Ful-O-Pep (Union Oil Companys "Antiknock" gas designed to compete with ethyl), CO-OP tires, Batteries, Groceries, Canning and Dehydration, Tractors, Paint, Twine, Steel buildings, and many other successful ventures, along with many other flops. "Weve been working to improve margins-by lowering costs, by implementing shared margin programs, by offering prebooking, and contracting programs in fuel, crop production, products, & feed-and by increasing our emphasis on providing timely information and other services" (Annual 94 2). Organizational Culture Today, Farmland is the largest farmer-owned agricultural input cooperative in the United States. Its mission is: To be a producer-driven, customer-focused and profitable "ag supply to consumer foods" cooperative system (The Farmland Cooperative System 6). The people of Farmland Industries believe in American agriculture. They believe that everyone involved in progressive agriculture in America today is entitled to a return on their investments. Farmlands world headquarters are located in Kansas City, Missouri. The city is located on the banks of the Missouri river in western Missouri. The metropolitan area itself includes four counties in the state of Kansas which helps make up its population of 1.65 million people (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 82.2 percent of this population are White, 12.7 percent are Black, 3.1 percent are Hispanic, and 1.9 percent include various other Races (1). In 1995, the estimated Kansas City median household income was $37,841. Thirty-eight percent of the households in the metro area have an effective buying power (this is the discretionary income households have after paying off all debts) of more than $50,000 per year (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Kansas City also boasts one of the lowest cost of living in major metropolitan areas. It ranked third among 25 cities with populations above 1.5 million people (U.S. Bureau of the Census). There are many exciting things to do once youre in Kansas City.